DÉVELOPPEMENT ET PERSPECTIVES DE LA TROUSSE DE PREMIERS SECOURS INDIVIDUELLE SUR LE CHAMP DE BATAILLE

As the international situation becomes increasingly complex, geopolitical disputes and conflicts become more frequent. The pattern of modern warfare has changed from large-scale campaigns in the past to high intensity local operations. Increasingly high-tech military equipment, the weapon killing effect is significantly improved, but also make the battlefield taxi the injuries of soldiers are more complex and serious, showing more serious injuries, multiple injuries, high attrition rate, high shock rate and high surgical rate]. As early as the first aid treatment effect is not obvious, missed the best time to treat the war wound, yes resulting in disability rate or fatality rate greatly increased, is not conducive to the dimension of combat effectiveness hold and ascend. Individual field first aid kit is a first-line operation for self-rescue the main equipment of the rescue, the soldier should complete the hemostasis and dissolving within 10 minutes self-rescue and mutual rescue such as suffocation and keeping breathing open. How to configure Lee's individual first aid kit meets the requirements of modern warfare first aid and is currently available an important problem in military research. The author on individual first aid kit development the development and application are summarized and analyzed.

1, FOREIGN INDIVIDUAL FIRST AID KIT DEVELOPMENT

1.1 ORIGIN OF INDIVIDUAL SOLDIER FIRST AID KITS

Battlefield first aid kits have been around for 100 years history, the United Kingdom Military Health Equipment Research Institute developed in 1920 known as the "Carlisle first aid kit", it is the prototype of the modern first aid kit, known as for "Battlefield dressing kit". It's just one of those copper boxes A piece of sterile white linen gauze with a bandage, but already battle-ready The role of field first aid is to reduce the death rate of the wounded from bleeding and infection The rate played an important role. During the Battle of Narr Island in 1942 In combination with the battlefield environment at that time, the US Army improved to produce a "soldier jungle. First Aid Kit Type M1 ", with significantly more contents and islands than before Island combat features, including insect repellent, foot therapy, Carlisle bandage, Water purification tablets and aspirin, etc., for frontline soldiers in jungle warfare In addition to first aid supplies, we also provided some emergency materials, To a certain extent, it improves soldiers' battlefield adaptability and battlefield survival The power. It was obtained along with the modified M2 first aid kit in the Pacific Theater Widely used, and has been recognized and promoted. In 1967, during the Vietnam War, the U.S. Army officially proposed the concept of individual first aid kits [8], adding protection Eye pad, battlefield dressing kit, water purification tablets, trauma disinfectant, foot moss powder, moisturizing Lipstick, bandages and adhesive tape, etc., after the war in Afghanistan, Iraq The actual combat of the Croatian war was tested and improved, and developed by the United States in 2003 The Marine Corps individual first Aid Kit, Type 2725, was the first to be modular The concept of assembly, the number of components is greatly compressed, and the functions are mainly concentrated In the field of hemostasis, anti-infection, water purification and disinfection, in particular the development of antiseptics Blood ribbon, with epoch-making significance. It was widely used in the later years of the Iraq War Use reinforcement straps instead of elastic bandages in the 2732 individual first aid kit Blood, increased the effect of pressure hemostasis. 2011 in the Type 6545 individual soldier In the first aid kit, upgrade the tourniquet to a C-A-T tourniquet and kaolin Hemostatic bandage has obvious hemostatic effect and has been popularized so far.

1.2 DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE OF INDIVIDUAL FIRST AID KIT

The popularity of modular concept has made it possible for individual first aid kits to change more and improve The ability to cope with different operations and different operational environments. U.S. Army pawn The first aid kit for individual soldiers in the front is based on type 6545 and is modular Design. For example, the United States Air Force individual first Aid Kit Type 0799, by trauma Modules and mini modules are composed of two modules, and the trauma module is still stopped Blood, ventilation mainly, including conventional kaolin tourniquet and nasopharyngeal ventilation Tube, etc.; The mini-module, which focuses on improving the survivability of the injured and sick, provides Oral rehydration salts, skin marker and lip balm, some also come with first aid Scissors and other small parts; Special forces individual first aid kit 5661, except for In addition to hemostasis, ventilation, bandaging and other functions, it is especially targeted at cardiopulmonary function Resuscitation function, the first addition of chest sealing tape, breathing mask and for therapeutic opening Drainage catheter for pneumothorax and internal drainage.

2. DEVELOPMENT HISTORY AND APPLICATION STATUS OF INDIVIDUAL FIRST AID KIT IN CHINA

2.1 DEVELOPMENT HISTORY

During the Red Army period, dressings were extremely severe due to battle injuries Scarcity, our army used clean strips of cloth for dressing. Anti-Japanese War period Only then did he have his own bandages, which were used as the main battlefield first aid material Until the founding of New China. 1951, Ministry of Health, General Logistics The medical equipment research group has carried out standardized research on first aid dressing materials After all, the corresponding standards of the army were unified. I was in the 1950s and 1960s The military battlefield first aid kit is mainly based on imitation Sue, such as the type 63 triangle towel first aid kit, Includes compression bandage roll, compression sterilized gauze block, four-head first aid kit and Burn sterilizing gauze blocks and other items. At present, the individual soldiers used by our army The first aid kit is type 82 triangle towel first aid kit and type 03 individual soldier first aid kit Lord. The type 82 triangle towel first aid kit mainly consists of triangle towel and auxiliary pad Cheng, the material and process are older, the hemostatic effect is not ideal, type 03 The first aid kit for individual soldiers is mainly based on medicines, including cooling oil, berberine, Analgesic tablets, drinking water disinfection pills, band-aids, pins and blades for war wounds Urgent emergency ventilation, hemostatic instruments are less, can not fully meet the modern The needs of war. Due to the late start time, the individual soldiers of our army First aid kits need to be perfected. Late development of fire rescue equipment Although there has been great progress in the configuration concept and function Settings, it is still Not widely used. At present, the application of the A-type individual soldier is gradually promoted First aid kit design concept is more advanced, with first aid equipment in the variety And style has made great progress compared with the past, but the diversity and pertinence Insufficient, the internal structure is not reasonable, can not fully meet the special military special Special operational environment requirements. Armed police equipped with a single first aid kit and Compared with foreign troops, there are the following disadvantages: (1) large volume, inconvenient to carry, High storage space; (2) Square three-layer design, not easy to expand, Delay in emergency response; (3) The internal structure is not scientific enough, and the fixed nature of the goods remains to be To improve; (4) The volume of the built-in items is too large, and the practicality and pertinence are lacking.

2. 2 APPLICATION STATUS

Literature [17] research found that the current grass-roots warfare More than 60% of the students who had not participated in tactical first aid training could speak accurately The name and usage of the items in the individual first aid kit are less than 20%, can It can be related to the difference of academic qualifications and urban and rural troops, and it may also be related to our army Individual first aid kits are not widely distributed and officers and soldiers lack military attributes Health care training and other related [18], in addition, soldiers serving 2 to 5 years and The cognition and hemostasis of individual first aid kit for soldiers who have served for more than 5 years Transfer the casualty, maintain the airway, manage respiratory disorders, manage fractures, transfer There is little difference in the mastery of core skills such as wounded soldiers, which all show our army Soldiers lack individual first aid kits and knowledge of self-rescue and mutual rescue for battlefield wounds. Because of Therefore, in order to improve the quality of treatment under modern war conditions, the next step should be carried out Systematic and long-term training in the treatment of war wounds, and strengthen first aid for individual soldiers General learning of package usage methods.

3. PERSPECTIVES

3.1 INDIVIDUAL FIRST AID KIT CONFIGURATION REQUIREMENTS

Modern war to the full depth, All-round, three-dimensional, multi-dimensional development, land, sea and air joint operations, especially It was the rapid development of air power that made the pace of warfare faster, For a short time the wounded appeared more concentrated. Especially modern local wars The use of a variety of new high-tech weapons makes the battlefield damage effect It should be aggravated, and the main wounds in the war are the wounds of large blood vessels, concealed wounds and multiple wounds Lord, multiple injuries, fractures can lead to limb bleeding, airway obstruction, pneumothorax In particular, bleeding is an important cause of death in the wounded Hypothermia, coagulopathy and metabolic acidosis are the most common symptoms The vicious cycle characterized by the so-called "triad of death" is both It is the leading cause of preventable death from war injuries. Our army should The corresponding hemostatic module should be designed, and the hemostatic material should be small in size. Light weight, reliable hemostatic effect, and can be matched with ventilation and other emergency modules Combined use, convenient combination, simple operation.